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Articles published in several peer-reviewed scientific journals demonstrate the clinical efficacy of plant sterols in individuals with elevated and normal cholesterol levels:

Cholesterol-lowering effect of spreads enriched with microcrystalline plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Christiansen LI,
Lahteenmaki PL, Mannelin MR, Seppanen-Laakso TE, Hiltunen RV, and Yliruusi JK, 2001. European Journal of Nutrition 40:66-73. Consumption of tall oil-derived phytosterols in a chocolate matrix significantly decreases plasma total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. de Graaf J, de Sauvage Nolting PRW, van Dam M, Belsey EM, Kastelein JJP, Pritchard PH, Stalenhoef AFH, 2002. British Journal of Nutrition 88:479-488.  Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men. Jones, PJH, Ntanios, FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M, and Vanstone CA, 1999. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69:1144-50.  Solubilization of phytosterols in diacylglycerol versus triacylglycerol improves the serum cholesterol-lowering effect. Meguro S, Higashi K, Hase T, Honda Y, Otsuka A, Tokimitsu I, Itakura H, 2001. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55:513-517. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters and non-esterified stanols in margarine, butter and low-fat foods. Nestel P, Cehun M, Pomeroy S, Abbey M, and Weldon G, 2001. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55:1084-1090.  A diet moderately enriched in phytosterols lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic humans.Pelletier X, Belbraouet S, Mirabel D, Mordret F, Perrin JL, Pages X, and Debry G, 1995. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 39:291-95.  Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Sierksma A, Weststrate JA, and Meijer GW, 1999. British Journal of Nutrition 82:273-82.

Effects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Volpe R, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Sirtori C, Bucci A, Fraone N, and Pazzucconi F. 2001. British Journal of Nutrition 86:233-9.  

 

 

 
Other studies:
  1. Amundsen AL, Ntanios F, Put N, Ose L. Long-term compliance and changes in plasma lipids, plant sterols and carotenoids in children and parents with FH consuming plant sterol ester-enriched spread. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(12):1612-20.
  2. Amundsen AL, Ose L, Nenseter MS, Ntanios FY. Plant sterol ester-enriched spread lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(2):338-44.
  3. Ayesh R, Weststrate JA, Drewitt PN, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 5. Faecal short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999 Dec;37(12):1127-38.
  4. Becker M, Staab D, et al. Long-term treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in children: effect of sitosterol and bezafibrate. Pediatrics 1992;89:138-42.
  5. Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergmann K. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. J Pediatr 1993;122:292-6.
  6. Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, Nguyen T, Morgan JM, Cater NB. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(1):46-52.
  7. Bourque C, St-Onge MP, Papamandjaris AA, Cohn JS, Jones PJ. Consumption of an oil composed of medium chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and N-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women. Metabolism. 2003;52(6):771-7.
  8. Charest A, Desroches S, Vanstone CA, Jones PJ, Lamarche B. Unesterified plant sterols and stanols do not affect LDL electrophoretic characteristics in hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Nutr. 2004;134(3):592-5.
  9. Christiansen LI, Lahteenmaki PL, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effect of spreads enriched with microcrystalline plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Nutr. 2001;40(2):66-73.
  10. Cicero AF, Minardi M, Mirembe S, Pedro E, Gaddi A. Effects of a new low dose soy protein/beta-sitosterol association on plasma lipid levels and oxidation. Eur J Nutr. 2004;43(5):319-22.
  11. Cicero AF, Fiorito A, Panourgia MP, Sangiorgi Z, Gaddi A. Effects of a new soy/beta-sitosterol supplement on plasma lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(12):1807-11.
  12. Cleghorn CL, Skeaff CM, Mann J, Chisholm A. Plant sterol-enriched spread enhances the cholesterol-lowering potential of a fat-reduced diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:170-6.
  13. Clifton PM, Noakes M, Sullivan D, Erichsen N, Ross D, Annison G, Fassoulakis A, Cehun M, Nestel P. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk, yoghurt, bread and cereal. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(3):503-9.
  14. Davidson MH, Maki KC, et al. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(4):307-19.
  15. De Graaf J, De Sauvage Nolting PR, et al. Consumption of tall oil-derived phytosterols in a chocolate matrix significantly decreases plasma total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Br J Nutr. 2002;88(5):479-88.
  16. de Jongh S, Vissers MN, Rol P, Bakker HD, Kastelein JJ, Stroes ES. Plant sterols lower LDL cholesterol without improving endothelial function in prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(4):343-51.
  17. Denke MA. Lack of efficacy of low-dose sitostanol therapy as an adjunct to a cholesterol-lowering diet in men with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(2):392-6.
  18. Devaraj S, Jialal I, Vega-Lopez S. Plant sterol-fortified orange juice effectively lowers cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(3):e25-8.
  19. Farquhar JW, Smith RE, Dempsey ME. The effect of ß-sitosterol on the serum lipids of young men with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation 1956;14:77-82.
  20. Geelen A, Zock PL, de Vries JH, Katan MB. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and serum lipid response to plant sterols in humans. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32(10):738-42.
  21. Gremaud G, Dalan E, et al. Effects of non-esterified stanols in a liquid emulsion on cholesterol absorption and synthesis in hypercholesterolemic men. Eur J Nutr. 2002;41(2):54-60.
  22. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. LDL cholesterol lowering by bile acid malabsorption during inhibited synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic coronary subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2002;12(1):19-23.
  23. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake. Metabolism. 1999;48(5):575-80.
  24. Gylling H, Puska P, Vartiainen E, Miettinen TA. Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. J Lipid Res. 1999;40(4):593-600.
  25. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation 1997;96(12):4226-31.
  26. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men. J Lipid Res 1996;37(8):1776-85.
  27. Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 1995;36(8):1807-12.
  28. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment. Diabetologia 1994;37(8):773-80.
  29. Hallikainen M, Sarkkinen E, Wester I, Uusitupa M. Short-term LDL cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant stanol esters. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2002;2(1):14.
  30. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, Erkkila AT, Uusitupa MI. Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(9):715-25.
  31. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI. Plant stanol esters affect serum cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent manner. J Nutr. 2000;130(4):767-76.
  32. Hallikainen MA, Uusitupa MI. Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(3):403-10.
  33. Hayes KC, Pronczuk A, Perlman D. Nonesterified phytosterols dissolved and recrystallized in oil reduce plasma cholesterol in gerbils and humans. J Nutr. 2004;134(6):1395-9.
  34. Heinemann T, Kullak-Ublick GA, Pietruck B, von Bergmann K. Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;40(suppl 1):S59-63.
  35. Heinemann T, Leiss O, et al. Effect of low-dose sitostanol in serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosos 1986;61:219-23.
  36. Hendriks HF, Brink EJ, Meijer GW, Princen HM, Ntanios FY. Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 May;57(5):681-92.
  37. Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(4):319-27.
  38. Homma Y, Ikeda I, et al. Decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein by plant stanol ester-containing spread: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2003;19(4):369-74.
  39. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, et al. Direct comparison of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods with a statin in hypercholesterolemic participants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(2):380-7.
  40. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, et al. The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 2003;52(11):1478-83.
  41. Jones PJ. Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Sterols. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 1999, 1:230-235.
  42. Jones PJ, Vanstone CA, Raeini-Sarjaz M, St-Onge MP. Phytosterols in low- and nonfat beverages as part of a controlled diet fail to lower plasma lipid levels. J Lipid Res 2003;44(9):1713-9.
  43. Jones PJ, Raeini-Sarjaz M, et al. Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters. J Lipid Res 2000;41(5):697-705.
  44. Jones PJ, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Vanstone CA. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(6):1144-50.
  45. Jones PJ, Howell T, MacDougall DE, Feng JY, Parsons W. Short-term administration of tall oil phytosterols improves plasma lipid profiles in subjects with different cholesterol levels. Metabolism. 1998;47(6):751-6.
  46. Judd JT, Baer DJ, et al. Plant sterol esters lower plasma lipids and most carotenoids in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. Lipids. 2002;37(1):33-42.
  47. Ketomaki A, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Removal of intravenous Intralipid in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia during inhibition of cholesterol absorption and synthesis. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Jun;344(1-2):83-93.
  48. Kozlowska-Wojciechowska M, Jastrzebska M, Naruszewicz M, Foltynska A. Impact of margarine enriched with plant sterols on blood lipids, platelet function, and fibrinogen level in young men. Metabolism 2003;52(11):1373-8.
  49. Kwiterovich PO Jr, Chen SC, et al. Response of obligate heterozygotes for phytosterolemia to a low-fat diet and to a plant sterol ester dietary challenge. J Lipid Res. 2003;44(6):1143-55.
  50. Lee YM, Haastert B, Scherbaum W, Hauner H. A phytosterol-enriched spread improves the lipid profile of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus--a randomized controlled trial under free-living conditions. Eur J Nutr. 2003;42(2):111-7.
  51. Lees AM, Mok HY, et al. Plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents: clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance. Atherosclerosis 1977;28:325-38.
  52. Lottenberg AM, Nunes VS, et al. [Food phytosterol ester efficiency on the plasma lipid reduction in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects] Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;79:139-42. Portuguese.
  53. Maki KC, Shinnick F, et al. Food products containing free tall oil-based phytosterols and oat beta-glucan lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults. J Nutr. 2003;133(3):808-13.
  54. Maki KC, Davidson MH, et al. Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(1):33-43.
  55. Mattson FH, Grundy SM, Crouse JR. Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;35(4):697-700.
  56. Matvienko OA, Lewis DS, et al. A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):57-64.
  57. Meguro S, Higashi K, Hase T, Honda Y, Otsuka A, Tokimitsu I, Itakura H. Solubilization of phytosterols in diacylglycerol versus triacylglycerol improves the serum cholesterol-lowering effect. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55(7):513-7.
  58. Mensink RP, Ebbing S, Lindhout M, Plat J, van Heugten MM. Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yoghurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160(1):205-13.
  59. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(20):1308-12.
  60. Miettinen TA, Vanhanen H. Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Atherosclerosis. 1994;105(2):217-26.
  61. Mussner MJ, Parhofer KG, Von Bergmann K, Schwandt P, Broedl U, Otto C. Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched margarine on plasma lipoproteins in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia are related to basal cholesterol and fat intake. Metabolism. 2002;51(2):189-94.
  62. Naumann E, Plat J, Mensink RP. Changes in serum concentrations of noncholesterol sterols and lipoproteins in healthy subjects do not depend on the ratio of plant sterols to stanols in the diet. J Nutr. 2003;133(9):2741-7.
  63. Nestel P, Cehun M, Pomeroy S, Abbey M, Weldon G. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters and non-esterified stanols in margarine, butter and low-fat foods. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55(12):1084-90.
  64. Nguyen TT, Dale LC, von Bergmann K, Croghan IT. Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74(12):1198-206.
  65. Nigon F, Serfaty-Lacrosniere C, ET AL. Plant sterol-enriched margarine lowers plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic subjects with low cholesterol intake: effect of fibrate treatment. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2001;39(7):634-40.
  66. Niinioski H, Viikari J, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effect and sensory properties of sitostanol ester margarine in normocholesterolemic adults. Scand J Nutr 1997;41:9-12.
  67. Normen L, Dutta P, Lia A, Andersson H. Soy sterol esters and beta-sitostanol ester as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption in human small bowel. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(4):908-13.
  68. O'Neill FH, Brynes A, Mandeno R, Rendell N, Taylor G, Seed M, Thompson GR. Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;14(3):133-42.
  69. Oster P, Schlierf G, et al. Sitosterol in familial hyperlipoproteinemia type II. A randomized double-blind cross-over study. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1976 Sep 3;101(36):1308-11. Article in German.
  70. Ostlund RE Jr, Racette SB, Stenson WF. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by phytosterol-replete wheat germ compared with phytosterol-depleted wheat germ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(6):1385-9.
  71. Ostlund RE Jr, Racette SB, Okeke A, Stenson WF. Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(6):1000-4.
  72. Ostlund RE Jr, Spilburg CA, Stenson WF. Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(5):826-31.
  73. Patch CS, Tapsell LC, Williams PG. Plant sterol/stanol prescription is an effective treatment strategy for managing hypercholesterolemia in outpatient clinical practice. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(1):46-52.
  74. Pelletier X, Belbraouet S, et al. A diet moderately enriched in phytosterols lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic humans. Ann Nutr Metab. 1995;39:291-5.
  75. Plat J, van Onselen EN, van Heugten MM, Mensink RP. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(9):671-7.
  76. Plat J, Mensink RP. Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 2000;148(1):101-12.
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  78. Pouteau EB, et al. Non-esterified plant sterols solubilized in low fat milks inhibit cholesterol absorption--a stable isotope double-blind crossover study. Eur J Nutr. 2003;42(3):154-64.
  79. Quilez J, Rafecas M, et al. Salas-Salvado J. Bakery products enriched with phytosterol esters, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol and maintain plasma beta-carotene concentrations in normocholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr. 2003;133(10):3103-9.
  80. Richelle M, Enslen M, et al. Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(1):171-7.
  81. Schlierf G, Oster P, et al. Sitosterol in juvenile type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1978;30:245-8.
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  83. Seki S, Hidaka I, Kojima K, Yoshino H, Aoyama T, Okazaki M, Kondo K. Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched vegetable oil on plasma lipoproteins in healthy men. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003;12(3):282-91.
  84. Sierksma A, Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Br J Nutr. 1999;82(4):273-82.
  85. Simons LA. Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(7):737-40.
  86. Spilburg CA, Goldberg AC, et al. Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 May;103(5):577-81.
  87. Stalenhoef AF, Hectors M, Demacker PN. Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med. 2001;249(2):163-6.
  88. St-Onge MP, Lamarche B, Mauger JF, Jones PJ. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in men. J Nutr. 2003;133(6):1815-20.
  89. Sudhop T, Lutjohann D, Agna M, von Ameln C, Prange W, von Bergmann K. Comparison of the effects of sitostanol, sitostanol acetate, and sitostanol oleate on the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in normolipemic healthy male volunteers. A placebo controlled randomized cross-over study. Arzneimittelforschung. 2003;53(10):708-13.
  90. Sudhop T, Sahin Y, Lindenthal B, Hahn C, Luers C, Berthold HK, von Bergmann K. Comparison of the hepatic clearances of campesterol, sitosterol, and cholesterol in healthy subjects suggests that efflux transporters controlling intestinal sterol absorption also regulate biliary secretion. Gut. 2002;51(6):860-3.
  91. Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, et al. Effects of gender, apolipoprotein E phenotype and cholesterol-lowering by plant stanol esters in children: the STRIP study. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(11):1155-62.
  92. Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, et al. Dietary plant sterols alter the serum plant sterol concentration but not the cholesterol precursor sterol concentrations in young children (the STRIP Study). Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. J Nutr. 2001;131(7):1942-5.
  93. Tammi A, Ronnemaa T,et al. Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project. J Pediatr. 2000;136(4):503-10.
  94. Tapola NS, Lyyra ML, Karvonen HM, Uusitupa MI, Sarkkinen ES. The effect of meat products enriched with plant sterols and minerals on serum lipids and blood pressure. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2004;55(5):389-97.
  95. Temme EH, Van Hoydonck PG, Schouten EG, Kesteloot H. Effects of a plant sterol-enriched spread on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Acta Cardiol. 2002;57(2):111-5.
  96. Thomsen AB, Hansen HB, Christiansen C, Green H, Berger A. Effect of free plant sterols in low-fat milk on serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(6):860-70.
  97. Tikkanen MJ, Hogstrom P, et al. Effect of a diet based on low-fat foods enriched with nonesterified plant sterols and mineral nutrients on serum cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(10):1157-62.
  98. Vanhanen HT, Miettinen TA. Effects of unsaturated and saturated dietary plant sterols on their serum contents. Clin Chim Acta 1992;205:97-107.
  99. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA. Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 1994;87(1):61-7.
  100. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, et al. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. J Lipid Res. 1993;34(9):1535-44.
  101. Vanstone CA, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Parsons WE, Jones PJ. Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(6):1272-8.
  102. Varady KA, Ebine N, Vanstone CA, Parsons WE, Jones PJ. Plant sterols and endurance training combine to favorably alter plasma lipid profiles in previously sedentary hypercholesterolemic adults after 8 wk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1159-66.
  103. Vissers MN, Zock PL, Meijer GW, Katan MB. Effect of plant sterols from rice bran oil and triterpene alcohols from sheanut oil on serum lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(6):1510-5.
  104. Volpe R, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Sirtori C, Bucci A, Fraone N, Pazzucconi F. Effects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Nutr. 2001;86(2):233-9.
  105. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52(5):334-43.
  106. Williams CL, Bollella MC, Strobino BA, Boccia L, Campanaro L. Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood: effects on lipids, stool weight and stool frequency in preschool children. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(6):572-81.
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